原文：
             智能水表开发至现在已经有近8年的时间。8年时间在市场上投入使用的智能水表出现一些质量、技术问题。这些问题最终集中在执行器上。开发商对执行器多多少少都做过基本功能的实验，来验证其功能在实际使用中的可靠性。为什么经过验证的执行器在用户正式的使用中会出现意想不到的问题呢？我以为有设计结构、试验方法、试验环境上的综合问题。以下就执行器的综合性问题阐述我个人的观点。

         一、 设计结构 1. 执行器工作的基本原理 目前市场上执行器的种类包括：电磁先导阀、电机先导阀、电机球阀、平面叠阀。 电磁先导阀的工作原理：电磁阀开启时，对阀封压力腔进行泄压，管道内的水压将阀封推开，智能水表就正常工作；电磁阀关闭时，即关闭了泄压腔的孔，此时在阀封上的腔内的水压迅速上升，直至将阀封压住阀口，关闭了出水口。 电机先导阀是采用减速机构，为了解决运动件的密封问题，运动杆采用了磁驱动原理操纵泄压孔的开启与关闭，从而达到阀封的开与关。

          它与电磁先导阀原理相像，只是时间和反应速度比电磁先导阀慢。出现的问题与电磁先导阀是一样的。 电机球阀工作原理：由减速机构将电机的转速减慢，将扭矩加大用以推动球阀进行旋转，达到开启与关闭的功能。对于球阀本身的制造工艺要求比较高，球阀的旋转力度要有一个很标准的参数，即旋转球阀必须控制在一组工艺参数的范围内。并且，驱动球运转杆的密封也是一个关键，其中采用的基本是O型橡胶圈进行密封，所以，橡胶圈过于紧将增加扭矩，过于松将会导致密封不严而泄漏。 平面叠阀工作原理：由减速机构将电机的转速减慢，将扭距加大用以推动平面叠阀进行旋转，达到开启与关闭的功能。密封性是由水压上片来保证。平面叠阀对阀片的摩擦平面的平面度和光洁度要求相当的高，而且对于采用的材料要求也有很高的要求。为了解决这些问题，平面叠阀下叠片采用了陶瓷基材，上片采用了其它强度高的耐磨损材料，完全按化工机械密封的原理制造与加工，既保证了合理的接触面，又保证了最小的摩擦系数。

      2. 结构分析 电磁先导阀和电机先导阀在自来水管道实际使用中，已经出现了由于长时间水质问题导致先导孔的堵塞、泄压阀杆吸附铁质微粒造成阀杆被卡死等问题，通过市场的使用与反馈的信息，开发商已经了解到这种结构的执行器不适宜我国水司目前的水质使用。由此，开发商又转向了球阀和平面叠阀。现在使用球阀的更多一点。以下对球阀、平面叠阀的结构进行综合分析： 电机球阀：在球阀的结构上，提高工艺水平，将球阀的扭矩控制在一个不会泄漏又在一定的扭矩参数范围。

     这一项工艺要求包含两个方面的要求，第一，球阀与密封压紧圈之间的松紧程度，既要保持在一定压力下关闭时不会泄漏；又要在外作用力下旋转所使用的扭矩在一个参数范围。这个参数值应： F>f1+f2+f3 式中：F——电机驱动减速机构输出的扭矩力； f1——球旋转的扭矩力； f2——旋转杆橡胶密封的扭矩力； f3——管道动态水压对球阀的作用力； 目前市场电机球阀的开关时间从：8秒至14秒有几种，鸭嘴阀其中对8秒左右结构的电机球阀和14秒左右的电机球阀进行过试验。试验的环境为1.0MPa，供电方式是电池直接供给。试验用的是新电池。试验的结果： 8秒电机球阀在0.6MPa的动态环境关阀很困难，有时甚至关不上； 14秒电机球阀在1.0MPa的动态环境关阀比较正常，没有出现关阀失误现象。 根据两种试验的结果，我们可以看出，扭矩对球阀是很重要的。我们假设：电机是相同的参数，那么如果8秒时间的比速是1，则14秒时间的比速则是1.75。所以，电机球阀的关键是减速机构的比速大小问题，但是前面说的几个工艺问题也是很重要的。 平面叠阀：在机械密封结构的基础上发展起来的一种阀门。阀门的特点是水平式的，流向是上进下出，因此阀门关闭时水的压力对上阀片是起很大作用的，压力越高密封性能越好。工作时阀片是作平面旋转运动，需要克服的是阀片之间的摩擦系数，而水压对它的影响没有球阀那样大。

        但要克服上叠片在水压强下的摩擦力。叠片之间得摩擦力通过实际    试验，几孚没有增加多少的力。试验是在同一只水表上进行并按下列方法： ⑴将电流表串接在开关电路内，操纵开阀、关阀开关进行控制； ⑵IC卡水表安装在105m扬程的水泵管路中，水表接口前接压力表和三通安装阀门用以调节管路供水的压力； ⑶开启水泵将压力调整在1.0MPa左右时，对阀门进行开关的运行试验； ⑷通过调整阀门将压力逐步调整至1.5MPa。 试验是在动态环境中进行，与实际使用工矿完全一致，在水压1.0MPa时所需要的电流是：关阀起步50mA，当将要关闭时，电流突然上升至110mA左右；开阀时电流：开阀起步时电流110mA左右，当阀门一开启电流迅速下降至50mA。

          在水压1.5MPa时所需要的电流是：关阀起步55mA，低温阀门当将要关闭时，电流突然上升至120mA左右；开阀时电流：开阀起步时电流120mA左右，当阀门开启水从表内流出电流迅速下降至55mA。 从试验结果看到，水压对叠片阀的影响是很小的，反应在电流上的变化也就是5mA至10mA。水压从1.0MPa升至1.5MPa增加了50％；电流从50mA升至55mA和从110mA升至120mA左右，增加了10％左右，因此，在叠片阀中水压升高对阀门开启的力影响是比较小的，关系是1：5。当然这必须是在特定的材料与摩擦系数的基础上。 平面叠阀的减速机构开关时间为8秒和14秒。对两种时间的阀门进行了试验，试验环境为1.0MPa，供电方式是电池直供给。试验用的是新电池。试验结果： 8秒平面叠阀在1.0MPa的动态环境开关正常； 14秒平面叠阀在1.5MPa的动态环境开关正常。

           3. 小结 从试验的结果和理论计算的结果，我们已经知道，平面叠阀的结构更适应智能水表所用执行器。在山区城市水司供水压力高与普通平原城市的供水压力，而目前城市的高层建筑供水压力也会高于普通楼层的水压，没有经过严密验证的阀门在水压高的环境失去了应有的功能。智能水表是现代高科技产品，代表了自动化仪表发展的水平，作为开发商，智能水表开发能满足用户使用的要求放在第一位，产品应能覆盖所有的使用环境。 二、 阀门驱动结构 在平面叠阀结构中，目前用于阀门驱动的结构是： 1. 直立杆加双道丁晴橡胶O型密封圈防止水的泄漏； 2. 上下采用强磁的磁驱动，以防止水的泄漏。 这两种方法在结构上看，进行密封应该是磁驱动方法比较合理，而且目前的密封效果还是很好。但是，我们国家的水司输送给用户的自来水水质并不是纯净水，在水中还有很多的杂质，在杂质中还含有相当的含铁物质。由于水质的原因，在不到6年的时间里，水中的铁质材料就会将被驱动齿轮的强磁吸引，并将齿轮紧紧的包裹，最后水中带强磁的齿轮旋转的摩察系数加大，甚至会出现旋转迟滞。这种情况已经在电机先导阀上出现多次案例。所以，现在仍使用电机先导阀的产品基本没有了。 直立杆O型圈密封，对带压力的液体进行密封是不可能的，排气阀尤其是对IC卡水表使用那更是有难度，第一，采用的电机本身功率小，扭矩也小，O型圈过紧会迅速增加摩察系数，开关阀门电流加大；第二，O型圈过松会造成密封效果，容易产生泄漏。如果要加工成不紧不松的话，工艺要求就提高了，这样导致制造成本上升。即使加工工艺很成熟，O型密封圈长期在水的压力作用下，会产生变形，一般水司的水压，会在两年左右的时间，O型密封圈密封处就会产生泄漏。 目前，IC卡水表的产品质量，已经越做越好，困扰质量问题往往是在安装以后，使用了一两年时间，出现阀门关不上或泄漏等问题。如果是磁驱动的阀门，则会在更长的时间出现由于摩察系数的加大而关开阀门失灵。如何解决问题，我认为：在IC卡水表中，不拟采用O型密封圈和磁驱动的结构方式，在有压力的管网中，对水的密封应采用机械密封的结构方式，用以长时间进行密封，这样才能保证在6年的使用中确保不会漏水，同时保证阀门功能得到实现。 目前出现在用户使用过程中发现的质量问题，主要是漏水、阀门不能完全关闭、阀门失去功能等。这些质量问题的关键是由于阀门驱动采用的密封结构方式而引发的，如果将阀门驱动的密封结构方式进行改进，则可以彻底解决漏水问题和导致失去阀门执行功能的技术问题。 机械密封是一种动密封，在化工行业中普遍采用。眼镜阀 盲板阀其密封的可靠性很好，在IC卡水表行业引进机械密封是提升IC卡水表技术的一个重要举措，同时也是解决IC卡水表泄漏、在一定时间内丧失执行功能的最佳方法。 三、 试验方法 智能水表是一只安装在千家万户老百姓家里的计量仪表，具有自动计量、控制欠费等功能，平时无需人去进行看护及保养，完全依靠IC卡在进行数据和信息的传输，实行现代化的管理。作为一只出厂的产品，具有的每一项功能都是要进过可靠试验设备的检验验证是合格的才能出厂。一般的试验及试验设备都有，因为计量器具制造许可证取证时时必须要的，但是，阀门动态试验的设备由于取证时没有具体的要求，所以一般厂家都不会准备的，这样就造成了阀门动态试验设备根本没有厂家会去研发和加工制造，造成了根本没有阀门动态的试验，使得IC卡水表阀门在出厂时没有进行动态的检验就在用户家里安装。造成了目前出现的阀门泄漏、关不了阀门等质量和技术上的问题。如果想要制造好一个产品，所有的检测手段都不能缺少。 阀门动态试验，是一种模拟在正常使用状态的检验。柱塞阀这种状态应该是可以覆盖所有水司环境的。检验阀门动态的执行功能还有很重要的一点就是检验的电压，采用什么样的电压最合适？ 智能水表中每一家都有一个相同的功能，即当电池电压低于设定值时，单片机会指令阀门进行关闭的功能动作，此时的电池电压是智能水表中最低的电压，也就是说，最后的关阀动作是在电池电压最低环境。 这样可以设定试验、检验的条件： 1. 供水压力：1.0Mpa； 2. 电压：智能水表设置的极限电压的80％稳压电源； 或者是模拟电池最低电压的工况作为试验、检验的电源。作为计量器具制造许可证考核部门应将智能水表取证的设备增加阀门动态检测的专用设备，这样才能确保出厂的产品质量满足使用的要求。

“ Smart water meter valves of the heart structure and test methods ”是由中国隔膜阀网提供的阀门行业新闻，译文仅供参考。另外，中国隔膜阀网还提供相关产品搜索： 堰式隔膜阀、 直通(流)式隔膜阀、 气动隔膜阀、 电动隔膜阀、 手动隔膜阀 等。

译文：
          Smart meters to the present development for nearly 8 years. 8 years on the market for smart meter use some quality, and technical problems. These problems ultimately focused on the actuator. Developers have done more or less of the actuator the basic functions of the experiment to test the function of the reliability in actual use. Why actuator proven user will use the formal unexpected problems? I think they design the structure, test methods, test environment, the synthesis problem. Following the issue of integrated actuator to set out my personal views. First, the design structure 1. The basic principle of the actuator Currently on the market, including the types of actuators: electromagnetic valve, motor valve, motor valve, flat stack valve. The working principle of electromagnetic pilot valve: solenoid valve is opened, the pressure on the seal cavity pressure relief valve, pressure inside the pipeline will open the valve seal, smart water meters on the normal work; solenoid valve closed, the closed cavity pressure relief hole, then sealed the cavity in the valve pressure rising rapidly, press and hold the valve closed until the valve port to close the outlet. Electric pilot valve is used Reducer, in order to solve the sealing problem moving parts, sports bar with a magnetic drive principle manipulation relief hole is opened and closed to achieve the valve open and closed off. It is similar with the principle of electromagnetic pilot valve, only time and the reaction rate slower than the solenoid pilot valve. Problems with electromagnetic pilot valve is the same. Motor ball valve works: the deceleration body will slow down the motor, the torque increased to promote the ball to spin, to open and close function. The ball itself is relatively high manufacturing process requirements, efforts to have a rotary valve is the standard parameters, namely, rotating ball valve to control a set of parameters in the context. Also, the sealing drive Qiu operating rod is also a key, which is basically used rubber O-ring seal, so the rubber ring will increase the torque is too tight, too loose will result in Mifengbuyan the leak. Plane stack valve works: the deceleration institutions will slow down the motor, the torque increase for the promotion of spin valve stack plane, to open and close function. Sealing is guaranteed by the pressure of Loading. Valve on the valve plane laminated friction surface flatness and finish fairly high requirements, but requirements for the materials used have high demands. To address these Wen Ti, under the lamination plane laminated valve with a ceramic substrate, of other poorly with the anti-wear materials, high strength, Wan Quan An chemical mechanical seal theory 制造 and processing, not only ensuring Heli's contacts surface, but also to ensure the minimum coefficient of friction. 2. Structural Analysis Solenoid pilot valve and pilot valve motor actual use in water pipes, there have been a long time because the water quality problem caused the pilot hole to plug, pressure relief valve stem causing stem absorption of iron particles were stuck other issues, through the market, use and feedback, developers have learned the structure of actuators suitableNeedle Valves water quality of the Water Division's current use. As a result, developers turned to the ball and the plane stack valve. Now use the ball valve a little more. Following on the ball, flat stacked valve comprehensive analysis of the structure: Motor Ball: The ball's structure, improve the technological level, the torque control valve will not leak again in a certain parameter range torque. This is a technical requirement contains two requirements, first, the ball valve and sealing tightness between the compression ring, both to maintain a certain pressure does not leak when closed; and also under the rotation by the use of external force of torque in a range of parameters. This parameter value should be: F> f1 + f2 + f3 The formula: F - reduction of the outputForged Steel Valves of the motor drive torque; f1 - ball rotation torque; f2 - rubber seal rotating torque rod; f3 - channel dynamic pressure on the ball of the force; Market motor valve off time from: 8 to 14 seconds there are several, including the structure of 8 seconds and 14 seconds motor ball valve motor tests conducted. Test environment for 1.0MPa, the direct supply of the battery power supply. Test using a new battery. Test results: 8 seconds at 0.6MPa motor ball valve off a dynamic environment is difficult and sometimes not, on off; 14 seconds motor valve in the dynamic environment of the relevant valve 1.0MPa more normal, no valve failures in customs. According to the results of two tests, we can see that torque on the ball is very important. We assume that: The electric motor is the same argument, then 8 seconds of time than if the speed is 1, then 14 seconds of the specific speed is 1.75. Therefore, the key is to slow down motor valve body size than the speed issue, but said earlier, several technology issues are also very important. Flat stacked valve: mechanical seal structure developed on the basis of a valve. Characteristics of the valve is horizontal, the flow is under upward mobility out of water so the pressure valve off the valve on the great role is played, the higher the pressure the better the sealing performance. Work, the valve is a plane rotation, to overcome the friction coefficient between the valve and pressure valve to its impact is not as big. But to overcome the lamination of friction in the water under pressure. Lamination was friction between the actual test by a few number of additional forces is not fu. Test was carried out in accordance with the same meter only the following methods: ⑴ the ammeter connected in series in the switch circuit, the control valve open, switch off the control valve; ⑵ IC card water meter installed in the 105m head of the pump pipe, the meter interface to access pressure gauge and three links before the installation of valves to regulate the pressure of the water supply pipe; ⑶ open the pressure adjustment pumpFilter about 1.0MPa, the valves switch on Operational Test; ⑷ gradually by adjusting the pressure valve will be adjusted to 1.5MPa. Test was carried out in a dynamic environment, consistent with the actual use of mines in the water pressure 1.0MPa current is required when: closing valve started 50mA, when would be closed, the current suddenly increased to 110mA or so; open valve current: Open current of 110mA when the valve is about starting, when the valve opening current rapidly decreased to a 50mA. Required when the water pressure 1.5MPa current is: off valve off 55mA, when will be closed, the current suddenly increased to 120mA or so; open valve when the current: 120mA Current open valve started around the time when the valve open water from the table the rapid outflow of current down to 55mA. From the test results to see the impact of pressure on the laminated valve is small, the change reflected in current is 5mA to 10mA. Increased from 1.0MPa 1.5MPa water pressure increased by 50%; current rose from 50mA 55mA and 120mA from 110mA rose to about 10% increase, therefore, water pressure valve in lamination on the valve to open impact force is relatively small, relationship is 1:5. Of course, this must be in a particular material and on the basis of the friction coefficient. Reducer valve plane stack switch time of 8 seconds and 14 seconds. Valves on the two time tested, test environment 1.0MPa, direct supply to the battery power supply. Test using a new battery. Test results: 8 seconds flat stacked valve switch in the dynamic environment of 1.0MPa normal; 14 seconds flat stacked valve switch in the dynamic environment 1.5MPa normal. 3. Summary From the experimental results and theoretical results, we already know, flat stacked valve structure is more adapted to use smart meters by the actuator. Secretary of urban water supply in the mountains, high pressure plain and ordinary city water pressure, and the present pressure on the city's high-rise building water pressure will be higher than the general floor, without rigorous verification of the valve in conditions of high pressure to be lost some function. Smart water meter is a modern high-tech products, representing the level of development of automated instrumentation, as a developer, intelligent water meter developed to meet the requirements of users first place, the product should be able to cover all of the use of the environment. 2, valve-driven structure Valve structure in the plane stack, currently used valve-driven structure is: 1. Vertical bar with double O-ringBellow Seal Valve NBR Road to prevent water leakage; 2. Up and down with magnetic magnetic drive, to prevent water leakage. These two methods of structural point of view, sealed magnetic drive method should be reasonable, and the present seal is still good. However, the Secretary of our country's water delivery to the user's tap water is not pure water, there are many impurities in the water, the impurities also contains considerable iron material. As the water quality, in less than six years, the water will be iron material magnetic drive gear to attract and gear tightly wrapped, and finally the water with a magnetic gear rotation Mocha coefficient increase, there may even be delayed rotation. This has appeared in several pilot valve motor case. Therefore, it is still using the basic motor pilot valve product no. Vertical rod O-ring seal, with pressure on the seal liquid is not possible, especially for IC card water meter is difficult to use it, first, using the motor itself, small power, torque is also small, O-ring too tight will rapidly increase the Mocha coefficients, the switch valve current to increase; the second, O-ring seal will cause too loose, prone to leakage. If you want to process it into words is not tight not loose, technical requirements would be increased, this has led to increased manufacturing costs. Even if the processing technology is very mature, O-ring long in the water under pressure, will produce distortion, general Secretary of the pressure of water will be around in two years time, O-ring seals will produce leakage. Currently, IC card water meter product quality has become better and better, quality is often disturbed after the installation, use one or two years, there is not, on off valves or leakage problems. If the valve magnetic drive, there will be a longer time factor as Mocha to open the valve to increase the relevant failure. How to solve the problem, I think: In the IC card water meter, do not intend to use O-type seals and magnetic drive The structure of the pipe network under pressure in the water seal structure of the mechanical seal to be used way to long time for sealing, so as to ensure that the use of 6 years to ensure that no Water Pump Control Valvesleakage, while ensuring that the valve function was achieved. Now appear in the user quality problems identified in the course, mainly leakage, valve not fully closed the valve to lose function. These quality problems, the key is used as the valve drive way seal structure triggered, if the valve-driven approach to improve the sealing structure, you can completely solve the leakage problem and lead to loss of the technical aspects of executive function valve. Mechanical seal is a dynamic seal, commonly used in the chemical industry. The reliability of its sealed well, the introduction of IC card water meter is to enhance the mechanical seal water meter IC card technology is an important step, but also solve the IC card water meter leak, in the implementation of functions within a specified time Sangshi the best way. Third, test methods Smart water meter is installed in millions of households the people at home a measurement instrument, with automatic measurement and control functions such as arrears, usually do not need people to carry out care and maintenance, relying solely on IC card data and information during transmission, the implementation of modern management. As a factory product, every function has been to have to be a reliable test of validation test equipment is qualified to the factory. Test and test equipment in general have, as measuring instruments manufacturing license of evidence often must be, but the valve dynamic testing of equipment as evidence and no specific requirements, manufacturers are generally not prepared, thus causing Valve dynamic test equipment manufacturers will not go to R & D and manufacturing, resulting in no valve dynamic testing, making IC card water meter valve at the factory did not test the dynamic installation in the user home. Caused the present situation of the valve leakage, valve and other related quality and not technical problems. If you want to create a good product, all the detection methods are indispensable. Valve dynamic testing, a simulation test in the normal state. This state should be able to cover all water Water Power Control ValvesDivision environment. Valve dynamic testing of executive functions are a very important point is that the voltage test, what kind of voltage using the most appropriate? Intelligent water meter in each of which has a similar function, that is, when the battery voltage drops below the set value, the microcontroller will command the valve to turn off the function is activated, then the battery voltage is the lowest voltage intelligent water meter, that is Finally, relationship Valve is the minimum voltage at the battery environment. This will set the test, test conditions: 1. Water pressure: 1.0Mpa; 2. Voltage: Smart meters to set the limit to 80% of power supply voltage; Or the lowest analog battery voltage condition as a pilot to test the power supply. As measuring instruments manufacturing license examination department equipment shall be evidence of intelligent water meter valve to increase the dynamic testing of special equipment, so as to ensure the quality of products manufactured to meet the requirements for use.

原文来源：http://www.1gemofa.com/

2010-08-31 08:53

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